An ancient country on the territory of Armenia. Ancient Armenia: history, dates, culture An ancient country on the site of Armenia crossword puzzle
An ancient country on the territory of Armenia
The first letter is "u"
Second letter "r"
Third letter "a"
The last letter of the letter is "u"
Answer for the question "An ancient country on the territory of Armenia", 6 letters:
Urartu
Alternative crossword questions for the word Urartu
other country on the territory of Armenia
An ancient state, the first part of whose name comes from the military call, and the second indicates the relationship to the masticatory organs
An ancient country, enemy of Assyria
An ancient state of the 9th-6th centuries. BC e. on the territory of the Armenian Highlands
An ancient state on the territory of Armenia, where rye came to us from
Ancient state
Definition of the word Urartu in dictionaries
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
The meaning of the word in the dictionary New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
pl. several The most ancient state of the 9th-6th centuries. BC, located on the territory of the Armenian Highlands.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
ancient state 9-6 centuries. BC e. on the territory of the Armenian Highlands (including the territory of modern Armenia). The capital is Tushpa. In the 13th-11th centuries. BC e. union of tribes Heyday - end 9 - 1st half. 8th centuries BC e. (kings: Menua, Argishti I, Sarduri II, etc.). Bike long...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
(Assyrian name; Urartian √ Biaynili, biblical √ “kingdom of Ararat”), a state in Western Asia in the 9th–6th centuries. BC e., which during the period of its power covered the entire Armenian Highlands (now the territory included within the USSR, Turkey and Iran). Population of U....
Wikipedia
Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
The Urartu basketball club was created in 2016 on the basis of the Armenian national team that won the European Championship among small countries in the same year. The Yerevan basketball club with the same name existed during the USSR and participated in the USSR basketball championship. Participating...
Examples of the use of the word Urartu in literature.
If they offer you something like a vase from the times of the state Urartu, refrain from purchasing.
Nowadays, the most daring researchers compare the language of the state with Proto-Slavic Urartu, leading the origins of our civilization to the third millennium BC, when the general movement of the Aryan peoples began through the Black Sea steppes to the west.
The history of Ancient Armenia goes back more than one thousand years, and the Armenians themselves lived long before the emergence of the nations of modern Europe. They existed before the advent of ancient peoples - the Romans and Hellenes.
First mentions
In the cuneiform writings of the Persian rulers the name "Arminia" is found. Herodotus also mentions “armen” in his writings. According to one version, they were Indo-European people who migrated from Europe in the 12th century. BC e.
Another hypothesis states that proto-Armenian tribal unions arose for the first time in the 4-3 millennium BC. It is they, as some scientists claim, that are found in the poem “Iliad” by Homer under the name “arima”.
One of the names of Ancient Armenia - Hay - according to the proposals of scientists, comes from the name of the people "Hayasy". This name is mentioned on clay Hittite tablets in the 2nd millennium BC. BC, discovered during archaeological excavations of Hattusashi, the ancient capital of the Hittites.
There is information that the Assyrians called this territory the country of rivers - Nairi. According to one hypothesis, it included 60 different peoples.
At the beginning of the 9th century. BC e. the powerful kingdom of Urartu arose with its capital Van. It is believed that this is the oldest state on the territory of the Soviet Union. The civilization of Urartu, of which the Armenians became the successors, was quite developed. There was writing based on Babylonian-Assyrian cuneiform, agriculture, cattle breeding, and metallurgy.
Urartu was famous for its technology of constructing impregnable fortresses. There were two of them on the territory of modern Yerevan. The first - Erebuni, was built by one of the first kings of Argishti. It was she who gave the name to the modern capital of Armenia. The second is Teishebaini, founded by King Rusa II (685-645 BC). This was the last ruler of Urartu. The state was unable to resist the powerful Assyria and perished forever from its weapons.
It was replaced by a new state. The first kings of Ancient Armenia were Eruand and Tigran. The latter should not be confused with the famous ruler Tigran the Great, who would later terrify the Roman Empire and create a great empire in the East. A new people appeared, formed as a result of the assimilation of Indo-Europeans with the local ancient tribes of the Hayami and Urartu. From here came a new state - Ancient Armenia with its own culture and language.
Persian vassals
At one time, Persia was a powerful state. All the peoples living in Asia Minor submitted to them. This fate befell the Armenian kingdom. The Persian rule over them lasted more than two centuries (550-330 BC).
Greek historians about Armenia during the times of the Persians
Armenia is an ancient civilization. This is confirmed by many historians of antiquity, for example, Xenophon in the 5th century BC. e. As a participant in the events, the author of Anabasis described the retreat of 10 thousand Greeks to the Black Sea through a country called Ancient Armenia. The Greeks saw developed economic activities, as well as the life of the Armenians. Everywhere in these parts they found wheat, barley, aromatic wines, lard, various oils - pistachio, sesame, almond. The ancient Hellenes also saw raisins and legumes here. In addition to crop products, Armenians raised domestic animals: goats, cows, pigs, chickens, horses. Xenophon's data tells descendants that the people living in this place were economically developed. The abundance of different products is striking. The Armenians not only produced food themselves, but also actively engaged in trade with neighboring lands. Of course, Xenophon didn’t say anything about this, but he listed some products that do not grow in this area.
Strabo in the 1st century n. e. reports that ancient Armenia had very good pastures for horses. The country was not inferior to Media in this regard and supplied horses annually to the Persians. Strabo mentions the obligation of the Armenian satraps, administrative governors during the reign of the Persians, to supply about two thousand young foals in honor of the famous festival of Mithras.
Armenian wars in ancient times
The historian Herodotus (5th century BC) described the Armenian warriors of that era and their weapons. The soldiers wore small shields and had short spears, swords, and darts. On their heads were wicker helmets, and they were wearing high boots.
Conquest of Armenia by Alexander the Great
The era of Alexander the Great redrew the entire map of the Mediterranean. All the lands of the vast Persian empire became part of the new political unification under the rule of Macedonia.
After the death of Alexander the Great, the state disintegrates. The Seleucid state is formed in the east. The once unified territory of a single people was divided into three separate regions within the new country: Greater Armenia, located on the Ararat Plain, Sophene - between the Euphrates and the upper reaches of the Tigris, and Lesser Armenia - between the Euphrates and the upper reaches of the Lykos.
The history of ancient Armenia, although it speaks of constant dependence on other states, shows that it concerned only issues of foreign policy, which had a beneficial effect on the development of the future state. It was a kind of prototype of an autonomous republic as part of successive empires.
Often called basileus, i.e. kings. They maintained only formal dependence, sending tribute and troops to the center in wartime. Neither the Persians nor the Hellenistic Seleucid state made any attempts to penetrate the internal structure of the Armenians. If the former managed almost all of their remote territories in this way, the successors of the Greeks always changed the internal structure of the conquered peoples, imposing on them “democratic values” and a special order.
Collapse of the Seleucid state, unification of Armenia
After the defeat of the Seleucids from Rome, the Armenians gained temporary independence. After the war with the Hellenes, Rome was not yet ready to begin new conquests of peoples. The once united people took advantage of this. Attempts began to restore a unified state, which was called “Ancient Armenia”.
The ruler of Greater Armenia, Artashes, declared himself an independent king, Artashes I. He united all the lands that spoke the same language, including Lesser Armenia. The last region of Sophen became part of the new state later, 70 years later, under the famous ruler Tigran the Great.
The final formation of the Armenian nationality
It is believed that under the new Artashesid dynasty a great historical event took place - the formation of the Armenian nationality with its own language and culture. They were greatly influenced by their proximity to developed Hellenistic peoples. Minting their own coins with Greek inscriptions indicated the strong influence of their neighbors on culture and trade.
Artashat - the capital of the ancient state of Great Armenia
During the reign of the Artashesid dynasty, the first large cities appeared. Among them is the city of Artashat, which became the first capital of the new state. Translated from Greek, it meant “the joy of Artaxius.”
The new capital had an advantageous geographical location in that era. It was located on the main route to the Black Sea ports. The appearance of the city coincided with the establishment of overland trade relations between Asia and India and China. Artashat began to acquire the status of a major trade and political center. Plutarch highly appreciated the role of this city. He gave it the status of “Carthage of Armenia,” which translated into modern language meant a city that unites all nearby lands. All Mediterranean powers knew about the beauty and luxury of Artashat.
Rise of the Armenian Kingdom
The history of Armenia since ancient times contains bright moments of the power of this state. The golden age occurred during the reign of Tigran the Great (95-55), the grandson of the founder of the famous dynasty Artashes I. Tigranakert became the capital of the state. This city became one of the leading centers of science, literature and art throughout the Ancient World. The best Greek actors performed in the local theater, famous scientists and historians were frequent guests of Tigran the Great. One of them is the philosopher Metrodorus, who was an ardent opponent of the growing Roman Empire.
Armenia became part of the Hellenistic world. The Greek language penetrated the aristocratic elite.
Armenia is a unique part of Hellenistic culture
Armenia in the 1st century BC e. - a developed advanced state in the world. She took all the best that was in the world - culture, science, art. Tigran the Great developed theaters and schools. Armenia was not only the cultural center of Hellenism, but also an economically strong state. Trade, industry, and crafts grew. A distinctive feature of the state was that it did not adopt the system of slavery that the Greeks and Romans used. All lands were cultivated by peasant communities, whose members were free.
The Armenia of Tigran the Great spread over vast territories. This was an empire that covered a huge part from the Caspian to the Mediterranean seas. Many peoples and states became its vassals: in the north - Tsibania, Iberia, in the southeast - Parthia and the Arab tribes.
Conquest by Rome, end of the Armenian Empire
The rise of Armenia coincided with the rise of another eastern state on the territory of the former USSR - Pontus, led by Mithridates. After long wars with Rome, Pontus also lost its independence. Armenia had good neighborly relations with Mithridates. After his defeat, she was left alone with powerful Rome.
After long wars, a unified Armenian Empire in 69-66. BC e. fell apart. Only one remained under the rule of Tigran, who was declared a “friend and ally” of Rome. This is what all the conquered states were called. In fact, the country has turned into just another province.
After entering the ancient stage of statehood begins. The country fell apart, its lands were appropriated by other states, and the local population was constantly in conflict with each other.
Armenian alphabet
In ancient times, Armenians used a writing system based on the Babylonian-Assyrian cuneiform script. In the heyday of Armenia, during the time of Tigran the Great, the country completely switched to the Greek language in business transactions. Archaeologists find Greek writing on coins.
Created by Mesrop Mashtots relatively late - in 405. It originally consisted of 36 letters: 7 vowels and 29 consonants.
The main 4 graphic forms of the Armenian letter - erkatagir, bolorgir, shkhagir and notrgir - developed only in the Middle Ages.
The Armenian people and the country of Armenia as their home have existed since ancient times. The very first mentions of Armenia are found in the cuneiform writings of the Persian king Darius (522-426 BC). Xenophon tells about Armenia in the 6th century BC. e. The national school believes that the history of ancient Armenia originates from Hayk, the grandson of the biblical Noah in the fifth generation. The most ancient Greek historians attributed the name “Armenia” to one of the Argonauts, Armenos of Thesal, i.e., they also attributed the origin of the Armenians to the prehistoric era.
The hieroglyphic records of Manetho (Egypt, late 4th - first half of the 3rd centuries BC), as well as Bishutian and Assyrian cuneiform writings, mention ancient Armenia as a country defending its independence in centuries-old wars against the all-consuming weapons of the great conquerors of the world. And in fact, being between Rome and Parthia, constantly at war with each other, the Armenians had a hard time.
While the neighboring peoples - the Mars, Persians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans - shone on the historical horizon like mighty stars - sometimes with a bright, sometimes dim light - Armenia, having no aggressive aspirations, almost never stood out as an all-powerful and internationally significant power, although the Armenian people were older than some of these peoples and had their own native land. Only in the royal family of Arshakuni - the third branch of the Parthian Arsacids - did the names of such conquerors as Vagharshak, Artashes and Tigran the Great shine for a short time. The most glorious times for Armenia were the times of Tigran the Great, who ruled for 40 years, and during his reign increased the territory of Greater Armenia from 300,000 to 3,000,000 〖km〗^2.
But the ancient Armenians preferred a peaceful life and developed their merchantry, agriculture and crafts. Pottery, carpet weaving, jewelry, lace-making, blacksmithing, stone and wood carving, leatherworking, and coining were well developed. Samples of the first coins of ancient Armenia, the halqs, issued in the 3rd century BC, have been preserved. kings Sames, Arsham I, Arsham II, Xerxes and Abdisares. The halqas were made of copper and decorated in Hellenistic style. The obverse of the coin depicts the profile of the king wearing a crown. On the reverse side there are various images describing the king, as well as inscriptions in Greek.
At the same time, healing also developed. Ancient Armenia was famous for its medicinal herbs, which were also popular in other countries. In the 1st century BC. In ancient Armenia there were gardens for growing medicinal plants. From the medicine of ancient Armenia, drugs such as ammonia, Armenian clay, borax, etc. came into the world.
Prehistoric era
During excavations on the historical, as well as on the current, territory of Armenia, many archaeological monuments were found that testify to human activity. These are burial grounds, household utensils, labor tools, military supplies, etc. Not far from the city of Sisian there is the Karahunj complex, which is a structure made of huge stones, on the top of which there are round holes. There is an opinion that this is an ancient observatory. The structure was presumably erected between 5.7 thousand and 2 thousand. BC.
On the shore of Lake Sevan, in the territory of the village of Lchashen, monuments of the pre-Urartian period were discovered, representing a fortress of Cyclopean masonry, burial grounds and ground burials. It has been proven that the complex dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. Also, traces of ancient man were discovered in different places of the Armenian Highlands: stone tools and cave dwellings. Traces of a person dating back to the Bronze Age period, as well as traces of his activity (stone structures, traces of Cyclopean fortresses) were discovered in the Shengavit region of Yerevan.
On the territory of modern Yerevan, on the Arin-Berd hill, there are the ruins of the ancient Urartian city of Erebuni, which was built by King Argishti I. Linguists have proven that Yerevan and Erebuni have the same meaning (the residence of the father), therefore the year of the founding of Yerevan is considered the year of the founding of Erebuni – 782 BC On the territory of Artashat, the former capital of Armenia, founded by Artashes, fragments of household utensils were found during excavations of the fortress wall. Among them: karas and other ceramic products related to Urartu.
Formation of the Armenian people
According to Armenian mythology, the ancestor of the Armenians is Hayk, the great-grandson of Noah (Noah-Japheth-Homer-Tiras-Torgom-Hayk).
There are two scientific hypotheses, according to one of which the formation of the Armenian people dates back to the end of the 2nd millennium - the beginning of the 6th century BC. During this period, Armenian-speaking tribes lived in the southeast of the Armenian Highlands (Little Hayk). According to one hypothesis, they arrived here from the Balkans, according to another - from the west of Asia Minor. In the XIII - XII centuries BC. A union of Nairi tribes was formed around Lake Van, which included not only Armenians, but also Khits, Hurrians and Luwians, fleeing the constant raids of the Assyrians. Subsequently, this union turned into the Urartian state, led by the Urartian-speaking nobility. Later, speakers of the Proto-Armenian language scattered throughout the territory of Great Hayk.
Today in Armenia, the second hypothesis is more supported, according to which it was ethnic Armenians who began to inhabit the Armenian Highlands much earlier.
State of Hayasa XVI - XIII centuries BC
According to the research of some scholars, “Hayasa” consists of the Armenian word Hay (haya, Armenian) and the Hittite suffix asa (country), and is translated as “country of the Armenians.” The state of Hayasa occupied the territory of present-day Turkey (Western Armenia). Armenian was the main language of the state of Hayasi. The capital of Hayasa was the city of Kummaha, later Kemmaha, located at the source of the Euphrates. In 1405 - 1380 BC. A long war was fought between Hayasa and the Hittites for the Hayasa province of Tsopk. During this period, the army of Karanni - the successor of the Hayasian king Marias - more than once attacked and devastated the Hittite kingdom. After another attack, Karanni captured and burned the capital of the Hittite kingdom, Hattusa. The confrontation lasted until 1317 BC, until the Hittites suffered several serious defeats at the fortress of Ur and at Kanuvara.
As a result of constant wars with the Hittites and Hurrian raids, the State of Hayas lost its strength. So, by the beginning of the 13th century. BC. it collapsed, and its territory went to the Hurrian tribes.
State of Urartu XIII - VI centuries BC.
After the collapse of Hayas, separate small tribes were formed on the territory of the Armenian Highlands, with the common name “Nairi”. These tribes competed with each other, trying to establish their own charter throughout the Armenian Highlands. But, having a common enemy - Assyria, they united into one state. So, in the XIII - XII centuries BC. A union of Nairi tribes is formed around Lake Van, which later became the basis of the Urartian state, led by the Urartian-speaking nobility. During the formation of the Armenian people, the Urartians spoke the ancient Armenian language and constituted the main genetic component of the Armenian people.
One of the famous kings of Urartu was Rusa II, who ruled from 684 to 645. BC. During his reign, the southern part of the highlands - the Ararat Valley - was built up, and the Teishebaini fortress was erected in the northern part. After the death of Russa II, Urartu gradually lost its power. Several kings changed the throne, but their rule did not lead to new conquests or restoration of the territorial integrity of Urartu. Closer to 580 BC.
Urartu finally ceased to exist as a state, and its territory was captured by the Scythians and Cimmerians.