Seville history. Open the left menu sevilla. Churches and temples. Which are worth visiting

Seville's climate is Mediterranean with an oceanic impact, bringing about 50 rainy days a year. The average annual temperature is 18.6ºC, with mild winters and very hot summers, with an August maximum of 47ºC. The valley of the Guadalquivir River, the seat of the municipality of Seville, is a developed agricultural area, the products of which are sold both inside Spain, and are also exported to many countries of the European continent and to the world market.

The southern part of Spain, autonomy and its capital Seville, has the richest tourist potential, has a huge number of historical architectural attractions, is included in all itineraries of excursion tours to Spain. The right bank of the Guadalquivir River, occupies an old suburb, the Triana district, on the left bank are the main historical sites of the Old City, the Cathedral, the Alcazar, the Golden Tower, protected by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee since 1987.

For more than 3000 years of existence from the era of Tartess to the present day, the people of the province of Seville have embodied the traditions of several cultural groups: Iberian, Romanesque, Visigothic, Muslim, Christian.

Legend has it that the founder of this ancient city is the ancient Greek hero Hercules, but these are legends, and facts show that at the dawn of its formation (1200 BC), the modern territory of the province of Seville, was part of the ancient Iberian kingdom of Tartess ...

The capital of this great then kingdom was a beautiful city, which the Phoenicians called Tarssis, the Greeks Tartessos, and the peoples of Asia Minor Tursa. Confirmation of the wealth and grandeur of the kingdom of Tartessus are archaeological finds, among which are plates made of pieces of pure gold, which may have been part of a breastplate.

Even some chapters of the Bible mention that King Solomon equipped his ships to search for the gold Tartessa, during the construction of his temple. Hence, historians concluded that the Phoenicians and Greeks came here in search of new lands rich in metals. There was a mixture of three different cultures: Turdetan, Iberian and Punic. Unfortunately, there is no reliable historical evidence about the reasons for the disappearance of the ancient city, this happened after the capture of Phenicia by the Asyrians and during the transition of these lands under the control of Carthage.

After the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War, Rome gained complete control over the Iberian Peninsula. In 206 BC. NS. Roman troops, under the command of General Scipio, entered Seville. By order of the general, the Romans founded the new city of Italica, 7 kilometers from Seville. Today, it is a museum on the territory of the town of Santiponce, excavations continue here, now you can see a stone-paved road, the perimeter of city streets, an amphitheater, foundations of buildings with gardens and mosaic floors are clearly visible.

Seville received a new name, Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis or Ispalis, becoming one of the three largest cities in the Roman province of Betica, with the capital Cordoba. Ispalis was then an important industrial and commercial center of Roman Spain with a major port. Fortress walls were erected around the entire city, of which only small fragments remain today. Seville gave world history two Roman emperors Trajan (98-117) and Hadrian (117-138).

After the fall of the Roman Empire, a dark period of chaos and plunder began, which was brought to the former Roman lands by semi-savage nomadic tribes of barbarians, who were at war with each other. The territories of southern Spain were first taken over by the vandals. Seville was taken by the army of King Gunderich in 426. However, they were soon forced to leave the conquered lands of Spain, going to conquer Africa.

In 441, Seville, once again, was taken by the King of Suevos, Rehila, who already owned neighboring Galicia.
Meanwhile, the kingdom of the Visigoths was gaining strength and in 531 the troops of King Teudis captured Seville, losing forever the Roman name of Ispalis, the city began to be called Spalis.

According to the historian Isidore of Seville, it is known that during the reign of the Visigoth king Aguil I (549-554), the future king Atanagild raised an uprising in Seville and soon, with the support of the Byzantine emperor Justilian, received the Visigothic crown. Byzantium, in turn, took possession of significant territories of Spain up to Valencia. After accession to the throne, Athanagild directed his efforts to fight the former ally, trying to free his lands from the Byzantines. We could not find exact data confirming that during the reign of Atanagild (551-567) Seville was occupied by the Byzantines.

Some historians argue that during the Visigothic rule in Andalusia, the cities and Seville for some time had a special status, independent of the territories of Toledo.

The beginning of the Arab expansion (711) of a significant territory of Spain was the crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar by a detachment of Berber mercenaries under the command of the famous Arab commander Tariq ibn Ziyad. After the death of King Roderich in the Battle of the Guadalete River on July 19-26, 711, the Arab troops, already under the command of the supreme commander Musa ibn Nusayr, the conqueror of the Maghreb, began to seize the Visigoth kingdom.

There are two versions of the capture of Seville in the spring of 712, after which its inhabitants became subjects of the Umayyad Caliphate. The first speaks of a three-month siege of the city by Arab troops. The second says that most of the townspeople of Ibero-Roman and Jewish origin, supported the invaders, as they longed to get rid of the Visigoths' rule. Even the Archbishop of Seville, Don Oppas, was among the sympathizers.

The meeting of two different civilizations did not come as a major shock to the townspeople. The new city government was composed of Jews who enjoyed the favor of the Arabs. The Jews, oppressed by the Visigoths, who did not have the right to free movement, inhabiting the poorest Jewish quarter of the city of juderia, now received equal rights with the rest of the inhabitants of the emirate, the opportunity to participate in political and economic life.

With the consent of the then ruler of Damascus, Caliph Al Walid I of the Umayyad dynasty, Musa made Seville the capital of the territories already occupied, giving it the name Ishbilia. Then, leaving his son Abd el Aziz as governor, he continued the conquest of Andalusia.

The entire city nobility was grouped around the young Abd el Aziz, and the widow of the last Visigoth king Roderich, Egilon became his wife. An unprecedented era of mixing and prosperity of clans, religions, ethnic groups began. For Seville, there was a flourishing of trade, science, crafts, the economy of the region was experiencing a period of recovery.

The largest river Betis, the Arabs called the Big River, in Arabic it sounded like Guad el Kevir, which gave the river its modern name Guadalquivir. Fertile river valleys, the Arabs highly appreciated the availability of water, planted various exotic crops. A thriving city on a deep river attracted the attention of the Viking and Norman pirates who attacked Seville on October 1, 844.

During the robberies and robberies, the city suffered greatly, the townspeople who did not have time to escape were killed, some were transported to the island of Captel (now Isla Menor) on the Guadalquivir River, below Seville, demanding a ransom. It was with great difficulty that the troops of Emir Abd ar Rahman II force the warlike Vikings to retreat.

The attack of the Normans forced the emir to strengthen the city walls and think about building a navy. The next Viking invasion of Seville in 859 was less successful. Their ships were met by the new fleet of the emir, forcing the enemy to retreat. After the campaign 859-861. the Normans for a long time ceased to disturb Andalusia. The last attacks took place in 971-972, but then Seville was not affected.

During the reign of the first Umayyad caliph, Abd ar Rahman III, two influential families declared Seville (899) an independent state from the rule of Cordoba. It was a period of practical civil war between these influential clans. Only on December 20, 913, after the destruction of the fortress walls, the city was taken by the troops of the Caliph.

The beginning of the XI century, the collapse of the Cordoba Caliphate, the formation of an independent kingdom (Taifa) of the Beni Abbad or Abbadid dynasty, was a period (1023-1091) of unprecedented prosperity during all the years of Islamic rule of Seville.
The loss of autocracy was the beginning of the end of the once great state of Al Andalus. The incessant wars with the Christian kingdoms, internecine wars between the typhoons, led first to the loss of Toledo and then to the seizure of power over all typhoons called to help by the Almoravids.

The last two centuries of the Almoravid era, after 1091, were the time of the last changes in the appearance of Seville. The fortress walls were restored, the Giralda, the Golden Tower were built.

After the capture of Cordoba (1236) and Jaén (1246), Fernando III of Castile, with the support of the army of King Jaime I of Aragon, reinforcing his fleet with the ships of the Vaska and Galicia, approached Seville in August 1247. During the Seville campaign, the Christians were also assisted by the emir of Granada, Muhammad I. Christian troops had no experience in military operations against such a large, well-fortified city with a military flotilla.

Seville was surrounded by a powerful 7-kilometer wall, the river was defended by the Triana fortress on the right bank of the Guadalquivir. The siege lasted more than a year, the united Christian fleet under the command of Ramon Boniface cut off the supply of the surrounded city from the sea, on May 3, 1248, the bridge between the Triana fortress was destroyed, Seville was doomed. The result of a long siege was the signing of the surrender on November 2, 1248. The emir was given time to leave the city and on November 22, 1248, King Fernando III of Castile entered Seville.

After the end of the reconquest, a stormy process of restoration of destruction began, the restructuring of Muslim mosques, Jewish synagogues into Christian churches, and the construction of new city blocks.
Shipyards were built for new sailing ships, which were so lacking in the Castilian Crown, the largest river port in Spain is being modernized.

The 13th-15th centuries are the times when terrible fires of the Inquisition light up throughout the country, Seville is no exception, Muslims, Jews are expelled from their homes, the death toll was in the thousands, the country is going through a difficult period in its history, as a result, a significant economic decline is observed everywhere, decreases the number of the population.

The end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries became for. After the discovery of America, the entire flow of trade with the New World passed through the port of Seville, through the harbor of the Guadalquivir River, which becomes the only port awarded by the Royal Decree, a monopoly trade with the wealthy Spanish colonies of America. As a result of the sharp rise in trade, the rapid growth of the region's economy, the population has increased to one million.

However, the beginning of the development of another large port, the division of the monopoly of receiving ships from America, significantly reduced the turnover, the income of the city treasury was greatly depleted. And the sudden outbreak of the Great Plague of 1649 took away half of the city's population.

The next remarkable historical date was 1729, the date of the signing of the historic trilateral treaty on peace, cooperation, good-neighborliness between the three Great European powers: France, England, later joined by the Netherlands. In 1808, Seville became the center of resistance to the French invasion led by Napoleon. Until the end of the 9th century, the city was going through hard times, followed by industrialization, the city again headed for economic growth, which was characterized by an increase in the urban population.

Modern municipality Seville has eleven administrative districts. Its main part is located on the left bank of the Guadalquivir River, on the right one is located, only one of the oldest urban areas, Triana. The north-eastern part, the left bank is occupied by the typical Muslim region of Macarena, the north-western Christian regions of Santa Clara, San Vicente.

All traditional excursion routes pass through the old city, old historical quarters, consist of narrow serpentine, intertwined streets, many small cozy squares where beautiful graceful fountains are built. Among the most beautiful city squares it should be noted: Resurrection Square, Museum Square, Constitution Square, Duke Square, St. Francisco Square.

The brightest celebrated city celebrations are Semana Santa (Holy Week) and Feria, better known as the April Fair, these holidays are colorful, noisy, fun, lively, with a traditional Andalusian scale, to the sounds of everyone's favorite Sevillana, using national costumes, are arranged street performances, about a thousand special festive pavilions are installed.

Perhaps the most famous city in Spain is Seville. Carmen, Don Juan and flamenco are steadfastly associated with this place. Seville has remained as beautiful as it was in the Middle Ages. The city is drowning in a green haze of orange trees and palms. Seville (Spain) is rich in architectural and artistic sights. We offer a short excursion into the history of the most famous place in the country and a guide to its interesting corners.

In Spain, Seville belongs to Andalusia, which is famous for its beautiful cities with a rich history. A variety of cultural traditions coexist easily in such a small area. The air itself is saturated with art here: for centuries people have created a unique eclectic culture here, which has left a deep mark on world art history.

According to legend, Seville was founded by Hercules himself. A large and beautiful city is located along the banks of the Guadalquivir River. It is easy to believe in it, if at least once you visit a place that has become synonymous with passion, beauty and ardor. Visiting Spain, Seville in particular, is said to bring even the most desperate pessimists back to life.

In this wonderful Spanish city, the most passionate dance on the planet was born - flamenco. Life is rampant and boils in the blood of the indigenous Spaniards, therefore, to this day, in the evening and at night, the city does not sleep.

Everyone here, without exception, believes in the legend of Hercules. But other important events in the official history of the city of Seville can be named as well. So, it is believed that the city was founded by the Iberian tribe, and then captured by the Phoenicians. It was in the third century BC. Then Seville passed under the banners of the Roman Empire.

The best people of antiquity were born here. Emperor Marcus Aurelius ruled wisely, leaving behind a wonderful literary legacy. In the eighth century, Spain was conquered by the Arabs, who occupied the area for five hundred years. In 1248, the city of Seville was recaptured by the Spaniards, who gave it the site of a shipyard. From this moment, rapid positive development begins.

Seville in the 15th century became a property of world importance, because the New World was discovered, still unknown to Europeans. Spain has become the key to discovering new territories that have become colonies of especially developed countries.

By Russian standards, the city of Seville is not very large, with about 700 thousand people living there. In Spain, this is the fourth largest city. The first place is occupied by Madrid. Another interesting fact is that Seville has the largest historic quarter in all of Europe; they cover a vast area of ​​more than 335 hectares.

The cultural significance of Seville is difficult to exaggerate. Every year the city attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world. They flock to the Cathedral, view the Alcazar Palace, visit the interesting Indian Archives, and marvel at the indescribable beauty of the Golden Tower. The city has managed to keep most of the buildings intact, although Seville's rich history is full of destruction.

Many architectural objects were included in the UNESCO heritage list at the end of the last century. Among the museums, art critics especially highlight the Museum of Fine Arts, which has preserved echoes of the fruitful Renaissance era.

The city is well developed. Its only river port is located 80 km from the Atlantic Ocean. The Guadalquivir River, on which the famous Spanish city is located, is not very large, but small ships still go along it. The sizes of boats are strictly limited and are recorded in the navigation charts. The sight of rafting at sunset is mesmerizing.

Among other infrastructure, the Spaniards developed well-developed railways and aeronautics. The aviation industry is developing here, and the military is not lagging behind it. The government does not forget about the architectural urban appearance: the implementation of several interesting projects has recently been completed, the fruits of which you can see with your own eyes.

Educational activities in Seville are well developed, one of the largest universities in the country is located here. Students travel on exchange programs to Europe. Education is provided at the highest level, the government makes sure that graduates get good places. Working in Seville can be very interesting. Largely because it is an old city with many museums. Here you can realize yourself and your talents on any path.

The first thing that tourists notice in Seville, Spain, are the sights that nature itself has created. Firstly, these are parks that literally fill the city. They can hide from the routine and constant hustle and bustle of the big city. Maria Luisa Central Park, the largest recreational area, covers an area of ​​400 thousand square meters. meters.

Another attractive park is Parque de los Principes, which was founded in 1973. The government has specifically designated a site for the green zone, which has not yet been built up, unlike most of the city. Palm trees and jacaranda alternate with ponds and benches for vacationers.

The city of Seville has a rich history. For five centuries it has been ruled by Muslims. This has left its mark on the appearance of the city. The Giralda minaret is even a symbol of the city. Its height is 97 meters, now there is an observation deck for everyone. Tourists are free to roam the 100-meter fortification looking for the best photo angles and soaking up the impressions that remain with them forever.

In Seville, Spain, the attractions are very diverse. Sometimes it seems that a little bit of different cultures and eras have gathered here. For example, tourists and locals flock to the Jewish quarter of Santa Cruz to try the local tapas. This dish was invented in Seville. Ferdinand III allowed Jews to settle here.

The city of Seville is overcrowded with tourists during the summer season. There are especially many of them on Calle Mateos Gago. Nearby is the Plaza de Doña Elvira, at number 6 where Don Juan's beloved once lived. The Spaniards have made a restaurant on the ground floor of the house with local cuisine. Legends about the eater of women's hearts are extremely common in Spain. Seville sincerely believes in the existence of the character, the locals even claim that Don Juan was born in a certain house, indicate in which one, and do not doubt the reality of the hero's life for a minute.

In Seville, the heart of Spain, there are many attractions. Tourists love Pilate's House in Santa Cruz, a masterpiece of 16th century Magyar architecture. The magnificent interior garden in the backyard of the house is impressive. In Spain, all kinds of greenery, trees, beautiful plants grow well, so almost all corners, even in the city center, are full of greenery. The urban landscape improvement program works great here.

In honor of the Spanish artist Murillo, the gardens located near his grave are named. The Santa Cruz quarter is the best place to spend your time quietly walking and looking at the local buildings. You can safely get lost without fear of getting into the slums, because there is no such thing in the historical center of the city. Your attention is presented to the ancient stone, architecture, frozen history, made by the hands of the best masters of the Renaissance. Older monuments are also easy to find literally in a random courtyard. Seville residents are accustomed to preserving their historical and cultural heritage, so the courtyards are well-groomed and beautiful, there are practically no acts of vandalism, especially in the historical center.

A must-see in Spain, Seville El Cento, or the old town. All the main attractions and interesting places are concentrated here. You will find in El Cento cozy medieval-style courtyards, modern restaurants with a varied menu, and beautiful old buildings. By the way, here you will also find the most famous tapa in Spain. The secret to making a flavorful ham lies in the pig's special feed. They are given only acorns.

The main attraction of Seville is considered by many to be the Cathedral. This is a truly beautiful building with a height of 117 meters. It went down in history as the third largest church in the world. The remains of Columbus are buried on the territory of the Cathedral, because it was from here that he began his voyage to the shores of India.

From the Moorish era, a magnificent Alcazar palace remained in the city, which proudly rises above the city. The palace was restored several times by different owners, making it to their liking. Now it is the administrative office in which the Seville city government is located.

The Golden Tower is another interesting landmark in Spain. It was also erected by the Arabs in the XIII century. A tall tower of unusual shape is one of the main adornments of the city. Available for visiting and viewing the architectural features from the inside.

A bullring is located not far from the spectacular tower. The famous Spanish bullfights take place at Plaza Toros Maestranza, erected in 1863. It is the most important bullfighting venue in all of Spain. The site can accommodate 18,000 people. Bloody and exciting battles take place here quite often and are broadcast on television all over the world.

The most fashionable quarter of the city is located on Tetuan Street. Here you can stop for shopping, devote your time to shopping for branded clothing from European manufacturers and buy some souvenirs for family and friends.

You need to visit Seville at least once to feel the taste of life, enjoy fiery sunsets and sleepless merry nights, see with your own eyes the synthesis of various cultures that still live in peace with each other.

Seville itself is good because the soul rests in it. The atmosphere of a stormy and happy life literally hangs in the air. The impressions of visiting Seville remain in the hearts of travelers for a long time. Join the lucky ones who have visited Italy.

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Seville's climate is Mediterranean with an oceanic impact, bringing about 50 rainy days a year. The average annual temperature is 18.6ºC, with mild winters and very hot summers, with an August maximum of 47ºC. The valley of the Guadalquivir River, the seat of the municipality of Seville, is a developed agricultural area, the products of which are sold both inside Spain, and are also exported to many countries of the European continent and to the world market.

The southern part of Spain, autonomy and its capital Seville, has the richest tourist potential, has a huge number of historical architectural attractions, is included in all itineraries of excursion tours to Spain. The right bank of the Guadalquivir River, occupies an old suburb, the Triana district, on the left bank are the main historical sites of the Old City, the Cathedral, the Alcazar, the Golden Tower, protected by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee since 1987.

For more than 3000 years of existence from the era of Tartess to the present day, the people of the province of Seville have embodied the traditions of several cultural groups: Iberian, Romanesque, Visigothic, Muslim, Christian.

Legend has it that the founder of this ancient city is the ancient Greek hero Hercules, but these are legends, and facts show that at the dawn of its formation (1200 BC), the modern territory of the province of Seville, was part of the ancient Iberian kingdom of Tartess ...

The capital of this great then kingdom was a beautiful city, which the Phoenicians called Tarssis, the Greeks Tartessos, and the peoples of Asia Minor Tursa. Confirmation of the wealth and grandeur of the kingdom of Tartessus are archaeological finds, among which are plates made of pieces of pure gold, which may have been part of a breastplate.

Even some chapters of the Bible mention that King Solomon equipped his ships to search for the gold Tartessa, during the construction of his temple. Hence, historians concluded that the Phoenicians and Greeks came here in search of new lands rich in metals. There was a mixture of three different cultures: Turdetan, Iberian and Punic. Unfortunately, there is no reliable historical evidence about the reasons for the disappearance of the ancient city, this happened after the capture of Phenicia by the Asyrians and during the transition of these lands under the control of Carthage.

After the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War, Rome gained complete control over the Iberian Peninsula. In 206 BC. NS. Roman troops, under the command of General Scipio, entered Seville. By order of the general, the Romans founded the new city of Italica, 7 kilometers from Seville. Today, it is a museum on the territory of the town of Santiponce, excavations continue here, now you can see a stone-paved road, the perimeter of city streets, an amphitheater, foundations of buildings with gardens and mosaic floors are clearly visible.

Seville received a new name, Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis or Ispalis, becoming one of the three largest cities in the Roman province of Betica, with the capital Cordoba. Ispalis was then an important industrial and commercial center of Roman Spain with a major port. Fortress walls were erected around the entire city, of which only small fragments remain today. Seville gave world history two Roman emperors Trajan (98-117) and Hadrian (117-138).

After the fall of the Roman Empire, a dark period of chaos and plunder began, which was brought to the former Roman lands by semi-savage nomadic tribes of barbarians, who were at war with each other. The territories of southern Spain were first taken over by the vandals. Seville was taken by the army of King Gunderich in 426. However, they were soon forced to leave the conquered lands of Spain, going to conquer Africa.

In 441, Seville, once again, was taken by the King of Suevos, Rehila, who already owned neighboring Galicia.
Meanwhile, the kingdom of the Visigoths was gaining strength and in 531 the troops of King Teudis captured Seville, losing forever the Roman name of Ispalis, the city began to be called Spalis.

According to the historian Isidore of Seville, it is known that during the reign of the Visigoth king Aguil I (549-554), the future king Atanagild raised an uprising in Seville and soon, with the support of the Byzantine emperor Justilian, received the Visigothic crown. Byzantium, in turn, took possession of significant territories of Spain up to Valencia. After accession to the throne, Athanagild directed his efforts to fight the former ally, trying to free his lands from the Byzantines. We could not find exact data confirming that during the reign of Atanagild (551-567) Seville was occupied by the Byzantines.

Some historians argue that during the Visigothic rule in Andalusia, the cities and Seville for some time had a special status, independent of the territories of Toledo.

The beginning of the Arab expansion (711) of a significant territory of Spain was the crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar by a detachment of Berber mercenaries under the command of the famous Arab commander Tariq ibn Ziyad. After the death of King Roderich in the Battle of the Guadalete River on July 19-26, 711, the Arab troops, already under the command of the supreme commander Musa ibn Nusayr, the conqueror of the Maghreb, began to seize the Visigoth kingdom.

There are two versions of the capture of Seville in the spring of 712, after which its inhabitants became subjects of the Umayyad Caliphate. The first speaks of a three-month siege of the city by Arab troops. The second says that most of the townspeople of Ibero-Roman and Jewish origin, supported the invaders, as they longed to get rid of the Visigoths' rule. Even the Archbishop of Seville, Don Oppas, was among the sympathizers.

The meeting of two different civilizations did not come as a major shock to the townspeople. The new city government was composed of Jews who enjoyed the favor of the Arabs. The Jews, oppressed by the Visigoths, who did not have the right to free movement, inhabiting the poorest Jewish quarter of the city of juderia, now received equal rights with the rest of the inhabitants of the emirate, the opportunity to participate in political and economic life.

With the consent of the then ruler of Damascus, Caliph Al Walid I of the Umayyad dynasty, Musa made Seville the capital of the territories already occupied, giving it the name Ishbilia. Then, leaving his son Abd el Aziz as governor, he continued the conquest of Andalusia.

The entire city nobility was grouped around the young Abd el Aziz, and the widow of the last Visigoth king Roderich, Egilon became his wife. An unprecedented era of mixing and prosperity of clans, religions, ethnic groups began. For Seville, there was a flourishing of trade, science, crafts, the economy of the region was experiencing a period of recovery.

The largest river Betis, the Arabs called the Big River, in Arabic it sounded like Guad el Kevir, which gave the river its modern name Guadalquivir. Fertile river valleys, the Arabs highly appreciated the availability of water, planted various exotic crops. A thriving city on a deep river attracted the attention of the Viking and Norman pirates who attacked Seville on October 1, 844.

During the robberies and robberies, the city suffered greatly, the townspeople who did not have time to escape were killed, some were transported to the island of Captel (now Isla Menor) on the Guadalquivir River, below Seville, demanding a ransom. It was with great difficulty that the troops of Emir Abd ar Rahman II force the warlike Vikings to retreat.

The attack of the Normans forced the emir to strengthen the city walls and think about building a navy. The next Viking invasion of Seville in 859 was less successful. Their ships were met by the new fleet of the emir, forcing the enemy to retreat. After the campaign 859-861. the Normans for a long time ceased to disturb Andalusia. The last attacks took place in 971-972, but then Seville was not affected.

During the reign of the first Umayyad caliph, Abd ar Rahman III, two influential families declared Seville (899) an independent state from the rule of Cordoba. It was a period of practical civil war between these influential clans. Only on December 20, 913, after the destruction of the fortress walls, the city was taken by the troops of the Caliph.

The beginning of the XI century, the collapse of the Cordoba Caliphate, the formation of an independent kingdom (Taifa) of the Beni Abbad or Abbadid dynasty, was a period (1023-1091) of unprecedented prosperity during all the years of Islamic rule of Seville.
The loss of autocracy was the beginning of the end of the once great state of Al Andalus. The incessant wars with the Christian kingdoms, internecine wars between the typhoons, led first to the loss of Toledo and then to the seizure of power over all typhoons called to help by the Almoravids.

The last two centuries of the Almoravid era, after 1091, were the time of the last changes in the appearance of Seville. The fortress walls were restored, the Giralda, the Golden Tower were built.

After the capture of Cordoba (1236) and Jaén (1246), Fernando III of Castile, with the support of the army of King Jaime I of Aragon, reinforcing his fleet with the ships of the Vaska and Galicia, approached Seville in August 1247. During the Seville campaign, the Christians were also assisted by the emir of Granada, Muhammad I. Christian troops had no experience in military operations against such a large, well-fortified city with a military flotilla.

Seville was surrounded by a powerful 7-kilometer wall, the river was defended by the Triana fortress on the right bank of the Guadalquivir. The siege lasted more than a year, the united Christian fleet under the command of Ramon Boniface cut off the supply of the surrounded city from the sea, on May 3, 1248, the bridge between the Triana fortress was destroyed, Seville was doomed. The result of a long siege was the signing of the surrender on November 2, 1248. The emir was given time to leave the city and on November 22, 1248, King Fernando III of Castile entered Seville.

After the end of the reconquest, a stormy process of restoration of destruction began, the restructuring of Muslim mosques, Jewish synagogues into Christian churches, and the construction of new city blocks.
Shipyards were built for new sailing ships, which were so lacking in the Castilian Crown, the largest river port in Spain is being modernized.

The 13th-15th centuries are the times when terrible fires of the Inquisition light up throughout the country, Seville is no exception, Muslims, Jews are expelled from their homes, the death toll was in the thousands, the country is going through a difficult period in its history, as a result, a significant economic decline is observed everywhere, decreases the number of the population.

The end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries became for. After the discovery of America, the entire flow of trade with the New World passed through the port of Seville, through the harbor of the Guadalquivir River, which becomes the only port awarded by the Royal Decree, a monopoly trade with the wealthy Spanish colonies of America. As a result of the sharp rise in trade, the rapid growth of the region's economy, the population has increased to one million.

However, the beginning of the development of another large port, the division of the monopoly of receiving ships from America, significantly reduced the turnover, the income of the city treasury was greatly depleted. And the sudden outbreak of the Great Plague of 1649 took away half of the city's population.

The next remarkable historical date was 1729, the date of the signing of the historic trilateral treaty on peace, cooperation, good-neighborliness between the three Great European powers: France, England, later joined by the Netherlands. In 1808, Seville became the center of resistance to the French invasion led by Napoleon. Until the end of the 9th century, the city was going through hard times, followed by industrialization, the city again headed for economic growth, which was characterized by an increase in the urban population.

Modern municipality Seville has eleven administrative districts. Its main part is located on the left bank of the Guadalquivir River, on the right one is located, only one of the oldest urban areas, Triana. The north-eastern part, the left bank is occupied by the typical Muslim region of Macarena, the north-western Christian regions of Santa Clara, San Vicente.

All traditional excursion routes pass through the old city, old historical quarters, consist of narrow serpentine, intertwined streets, many small cozy squares where beautiful graceful fountains are built. Among the most beautiful city squares it should be noted: Resurrection Square, Museum Square, Constitution Square, Duke Square, St. Francisco Square.

The brightest celebrated city celebrations are Semana Santa (Holy Week) and Feria, better known as the April Fair, these holidays are colorful, noisy, fun, lively, with a traditional Andalusian scale, to the sounds of everyone's favorite Sevillana, using national costumes, are arranged street performances, about a thousand special festive pavilions are installed.

Seville is a famous city in the south of Spain with intense heat in summer and can be proud of its popularity among travelers. There are three main attractions here - the Giralda tower, the cathedral and the Alcazar fortress. The whole world knows the names of famous literary characters: Carmen, Don Juan and Figaro. Here, on an incredible scale, are held two major festivities, the Holy Week of Semana Santa and the April Feria, which lasts a week at the end of the month.

Food, drink and entertainment in Seville

This is an extremely peculiar city, full of noisy bars and restaurants, but it can be expensive here, especially in Barrio de Santa Cruz. There are several good restaurants on Calle de Mateus Gago, notably Cerveceria Giralda (Mateus Gago), La Sacristia and Cafe Bar Carpanario. Other establishments in the center are located on the streets in the Plaza Nueva area. Delicious breakfasts for a few euros and good lunches later can be enjoyed at the characteristic Casa la Vidan in Calle Albareda. A fixed menu priced at € 5 is offered at Bar Laredo in Plaza de San Francisco.

Good location Altamira, Plaza de Santa Maria La Blanca 4. Habanita is a good Cuban vegetarian restaurant located on Calle de Golfo in the Alfalfa area. You can just have a drink and a snack in all the city bars - many of them (where you can drink sherry) are located in the Jerez and Sanlucar districts (locals drink cold dry fino). One of the best spots in the center of Santa Cruz, the very lively Las Teresas on Santa Teresa 2, attracts visitors to Bodega Santa on Rodrigo Sago with its choice of tapas. But probably the best snack bar in town is Modesto on Cano by Cuento 5, in the northern corner of the block at Avda Menendez Pelavo.

The less expensive and innocuous looking Bodeguita at Arfe 5 south of Plaza Nueva is also worth a visit. Excellent bars are also the Patio de San Eloy on San Eloy 9 and Bar de Pepe Hillo on Adriano 24. The Alfalfa area, just north of the cathedral, is filled with loud music from local bars in the evenings: Bat Nao and Sopa de Ganso, Perez Galdos. Another area of ​​entertainment, popular with many international students, is across the river at Betis.

Flamenco music and dancing (Sevillanas style) is offered in many establishments (some of which are quite expensive and tasteless). Great spots are La Carboneria on Levias 18 and Bar Casa Anselma on Pages del Corro 49. An alternative is the regular shows at the museum in the center of the old town of Casa de la Memoria del Andalus at Ximenez de Enciso 28, where they aim to preserve the traditional flamenco style.

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